FractionalJetOwnership.com

What is Fractional Jet Ownership ?

Fractional Jet Ownership is sometimes referred to as Fractional Jet Leasing or Jet Time Sharing. The concept is also referred to as fractional ownership because it is not limited to jet aircraft.

It is not legally correct to say that Fractional Jet Ownership is like resort condominium time sharing, but the similarity can help explain the concepts involved:

A company or individual buys, or leases, a fractional interest in one aircraft just as they might acquire a partial interest in one condo unit. They can use their own aircraft or another similar or identical aircraft a certain number of hours or days per year just as a condo owner can use the condo a specified number of days or weeks per year. In most programs, if your aircraft is not available when you want it, you can have access to a larger pool of identical or similar aircraft fractionally owned or leased by others.

Although individual deals vary, there is room for negotiation. In general, a buyer or lessor normally buys or leases a 1/8th interest in an airplane, and can have up to 100 hours per year of usage as part of the purchase. The cost of the 1/8th share depends on the airplane you choose.

You can sometimes buy or lease a 1/16th interest which would include 50 hours, or a 1/4th interest which would include 200 hours. A 1/16th interest in a Citation Ultra has been quoted at a cost of approximately $80,000, and a 1/4th interest in the new Boeing Business Jet at $11,000,000. Each deal is separately negotiated and some have buyback or cancellation provisions.

The fractional interest buyer or lessor will get a "turnkey" operation of aircraft, crews, scheduling, and maintenance on demand.

Naturally, the economics of each situation differs depending on the number of people who will use the aircraft, the value of their time to the company, and the dollars saved in airline tickets, hotels, etc. In general, the following guidelines are commonly used:

  • Zero to 100 hours per year - Use charter
  • 400 hours per year or more-Operate your own fleet.
  • 101 to 399 hours per year (approximate) Fractional Jet Ownership may be the best way to go.

Ownership or leasing of a fractional ownership interest has many benefits and limitations which should be understood before buying or leasing.

The Advantages of Fractional Jet Ownership

The major advantages are sometimes considered to be convenience and cost. Statistical studies indicate that business jets generally are more cost effective than commercial services even when there are commercial services available between the cities involved. The studies indicate the following savings of time and money:

  1. Using business aircraft saves 4 hours travel time and 8 hours productive time per trip.
  2. Business aircraft saves hotel bills and overnight time away from home.
  3. The typical business jet trip saves $1,400 in direct costs, airfare, salary, expenses, and $7,600 per trip, giving value to the value of the individual(s) to the company.
  4. As a benefit to some executives, smoking is allowed on business jets. The companies state they are able to purify the air and eliminate any odor between flights.
  5. Business jets can land at about 5,500 United States Airports versus about 500 for commercial service.
  6. You may need a second jet to take company personnel to 2 different places at the same time

About 25% of corporate jets are owned by individuals who want or need a jet for personal and family travel as well.

Why you need an aviation lawyer

  1. Due Diligence - Purchasing an interest in a jet is a multimillion dollar transaction. Good business judgement would require that you get specialized legal assistance before committing your funds or company funds.


  2. Understanding what you are getting and what you are not getting. In a typical transaction you may be asked to sign 11 different documents. The typical set of documents contains 34 pages and about 300 paragraphs. An aviation lawyer who fully understands FAR part 91, and FAR part 135, can help prevent misunderstandings or later unmet expectations. There are no "standard" one size fits all contracts. Each contract must be tailor-made to your special needs.


  3. Escape clauses. Your business may change in the future. Your aviation needs may change in the future. You may need "escape" clauses should the contracts turn out to no longer fit your needs. An experienced aviation lawyer will know which provisions can be negotiated to protect your future needs and which provisions cannot be negotiated resulting in obligations which you must understand.


  4. Aviation law is a very narrow subspecialty of law. There are very few private practice lawyers (not employed by airlines or manufacturers, etc.) available to be able to assist you without a conflict of interest. For Example: Only 58 lawyers belong to the Aviation and Aerospace Law Committee of the American Bar Association's International Law Section's 5,600 members. Only 525 lawyers belong to the Aviation and Spacelaw Committee of the 16,000 members of the American Bar Association's Tort and Insurance Practice Section. Many of these lawyers might be in a conflict of interest situation if they were to represent a buyer or lessee. Many are employed by governments or airlines or manufacturers and would not be available to help you.


  5. The law firm of Bailey & Partners has represented many buyers and lessees of fractional interests and can assist your corporate or general counsel or work directly with you.


25 Frequently Asked Legal Questions

  1. How small an interest can I buy in a plane? (Is there any economy of scale in buying more or less of an interest?)
  2. Am I better off buying two1/16th interests in two different planes rather than one 1/8th interest in one plane? (Economy of scale.)
  3. Why is it so important to me that the plane and pilots be subject to FAR 91 instead of FAR 135?
  4. What happens if one of the other fractional owners doesn't pay their share? Can their bank repossess the plane including my share?
  5. Under the contract, can I fly the aircraft if I am licensed?
  6. Suppose someone else is using my plane when I want to use it?
  7. Suppose there are no more airplanes like mine available in the pool of airplanes - what happens?
  8. How are my hours of usage calculated? Do they include "deadhead" time to get me to a destination or the time after leaving me off?
  9. If the plane is damaged what do I do while it is being repaired?
  10. Suppose the plane is damaged while another fractional owner is using the aircraft. Do I have any responsibility?
  11. If the aircraft is operated negligently by one of the other owners, do I have any liability by virtue of being a fractional owner?
  12. Will I be able to use my plane anywhere in the United States? How about Canada or Mexico or Europe?
  13. Suppose I die. If I own the interest personally, who will inherit the right to use my interest?
  14. Why are there so many documents?
  15. How can I get out of the deal if I don't like it?
  16. How much will it cost per year?
  17. Can I get better terms?
  18. If I buy an interest, will I have any license obligation to the FAA or any other government agency?
  19. Can I lease if I don't want the depreciation?
  20. How do I know the plane will be safe?
  21. What can I put in the agreement to be sure of safety?
  22. Can I get access to the plane to see if I'm going to like it?
  23. Can I get a test flight?
  24. What is the safety record of the people involved?
  25. Who supplies the maintenance?

The History of Fractional Jet Ownership

Fractional Jet Ownership is generally acknowledged to have gotten its big push in 1964 with the involvement of well known and respected individuals prominent in aviation circles including General Curtis LeMay, General O.F. Lassiter, Arthur Godfrey and Jimmy Stewart. General Lassiter was the person who created a company which used U.S. Air Force principles in aircraft utilization and management.

In 1965 William P. Lear Jr. and General Paul Tibbets Jr. joined the company then known as Executive Jet Aviation. In 1986, a subsidiary known as NetJets was created.

Richard Santulli is considered the visionary who created the concept of selling fractional ownerships in business jets to companies and individuals who need some business jet transportation, but for whom neither charters nor ownership of a complete airplane fulfilled their needs. This program was begun in earnest in 1987 and the NetJets concept of fractional ownership was born.

In 1998, Warren Buffet's Berkshire Hathway, Inc. bought the company for $725 million and is now a major backer of the company now known as Executive Jet. There are now other companies involved in various aspects of Fractional Jet Ownership using the concepts created by Mr. Santulli.

It is predicted that Fractional Jet Ownership and leasing will be the dominant form of ownership of business jets by companies or individuals.

What BAILEY & Partners can do for You

Bailey & Partners is experienced in fractional jet ownership and leasing. We have assisted companies and individuals in their acquisition of fractional jet interests.

Acquiring fractional jet interests requires familiarity with Federal Aircraft Regulations (FARs) as well as contract law.

We advise and guide buyers and lessors as to what is and what is not being acquired, and we help the buyer or lessee negotiate the most favorable deal available, under the circumstances.

There are typically four major agreements which are necessary to the buying or leasing of a fractional jet ownership. Each agreement requires a knowledge of applicable Federal and State laws and regulations and the specific buyer's or lessor's needs.

These agreements are:

  1. The Aircraft Lease or Purchase Agreement
  2. The Management Agreement
  3. The Master Interchange Agreement
  4. Various addendums, etc.

Each of the four agreements contain many provisions which affect the acquirer's rights and responsibilities.

There is no standard "one size fits all" fill in the blanks, agreement. Each agreement must be tailor made to fit the buyer's or lessor's specific needs and situation.

Whenever possible, Bailey & Partners tries to charge a fixed, flat fee so the fee can be budgeted and predicted in advance. We prefer to work with counsel and professionals who are familiar with the buyer. We can either advise the buyer's or lessee's law firm, corporate counsel, advisers, or work directly with the buyer-lessee, as the buyer-lessee or their advisers wish.

The law governing Fractional Jet Ownership is essentially Federal, however, there are state peculiarities. Accordingly, unless the buyer is a California company, or individual, or the transaction occurs in California, we strongly recommend the buyer also have local counsel.

We are available as counsel to your counsel, or to your professional advisers, or to the buyer, or lessee.

Depending upon who will be doing what, our fee may vary, but, as mentioned above, we always try to give a flat, or a minimum/maximum figure in advance, depending on the amount of work expected to be necessary.

We are available to work with corporate counsel, outside counsel, CPA's, personal and business managers, transportation managers, and other advisers and consultants to assist with the purchase or lease of a fractional jet interest.

Our telephone number is (877) FOON-LAW, and you can speak with Patrick Bailey, Stephen Hofer, or Jay Foonberg.

CONTACT INFORMATION

The Law Offices of Bailey & Partners
2828 Donald Douglas Loop North
Second Floor
Santa Monica, Ca. 90405

Jay G Foonberg, Esq.
Phone: (310) 652-5010
Fax:    (310) 652-5019
Email:  Jet@FoonbergLaw.com

Patrick E Bailey, Esq.
Phone: (310) 392-5000 ext. 224
Fax:    (310) 392-8091
Email:  PEBAir@aol.com

Stephen R Hofer, Esq.
Phone: (310) 392-5000 ext. 229
Fax:    (310) 392-8091

Carla G Matta, Esq.
Phone: (310) 392-5000 ext. 228
Fax:    (310) 392-8091
Email:  CGMatta@aol.com

Sacramento Office
3745 Whitehead Street
Suite 5
Mather, Ca. 95655-4100

Stephen L Nelson, Esq.
Phone: (916) 361-3099
Fax:    (916) 361-3526
Email:  SLNTahoePilot@aol.com

About BAILEY & Partners

BAILEY & Partners is a law firm located in Santa Monica, California, on the Santa Monica Airport, in the same building as the Museum of Flying and the Executive Terminal. Our office is literally only a few feet away from where you would deplane your private plane. We also have an office in Sacramento, California located on Mather field.

In addition to our trial, appeals and general business practice, we specialize in aviation law, including both transactions and litigation. Many of our attorneys and staff are licensed pilots and flight instructors.

References are available for all of our areas of practice.

If you wish, we can communicate with you as to whether we can be of service.

  1. Send e-mail to Jet@FoonbergLaw.com
  2. Contact BAILEY & Partners

Disclaimer

The information provided on this website is informational, only. The subject matter and applicable law is in a constant state of change. No legal advice is given and no attorney/client or other relationship is established or intended.

The information provided is from general sources and although we believe it to be accurate, we cannot represent, guarantee or warrant that the information contained in this website is accurate or is appropriate for the usage of any reader.

Bailey & Partners is located in California and complies with all ethical rules of the State Bar of California. Some States require the wording "This is an advertisement" or other words or information of this nature. The content of Fractional Jet Ownership is fact specific and dependent upon the special needs and purposes of the purchaser and the economics of the particular transaction. Each deal stands on its own.

Bailey & Partners recommends that readers of this information consult with their own counsel prior to relying on any information on this website.

Patrick E. Bailey and Stephen R. Hofer are partners in Bailey & Partners and Jay G. Foonberg is of counsel to Bailey & Partners.

Bailey & Partners requires that all agreements for their professional services be in writing and signed by the Firm and the client. No professional relationship will be deemed to exist unless and until an agreement for professional services has been signed by both client and attorneys.

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